List Of Common Shading Algorithms
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{{Short description, none This article lists common shading algorithms used in
computer graphics Computer graphics deals with generating images and art with the aid of computers. Computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film, video games, digital art, cell phone and computer displays, and many specialized applications. ...
.


Interpolation techniques

These techniques can be combined with any illumination model: *
Flat shading Shading refers to the depiction of depth perception in 3D models (within the field of 3D computer graphics) or illustrations (in visual art) by varying the level of darkness. Shading tries to approximate local behavior of light on the object's ...
* Gouraud shading * Phong shading


Illumination models


Realistic

The illumination models listed here attempt to model the perceived brightness of a surface or a component of the brightness in a way that looks realistic. Some take physical aspects into consideration, like for example the
Fresnel equations The Fresnel equations (or Fresnel coefficients) describe the reflection and transmission of light (or electromagnetic radiation in general) when incident on an interface between different optical media. They were deduced by French engineer and ...
, microfacets, the
rendering equation In computer graphics, the rendering equation is an integral equation that expresses the amount of light leaving a point on a surface as the sum of emitted light and reflected light. It was independently introduced into computer graphics by David ...
and subsurface scattering.


Diffuse reflection

Light that is reflected on a
non-metal In the context of the periodic table, a nonmetal is a chemical element that mostly lacks distinctive metallic properties. They range from colorless gases like hydrogen to shiny crystals like iodine. Physically, they are usually lighter (less ...
lic and/or a very rough surface gives rise to a
diffuse reflection Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection. An ''ideal'' dif ...
. Models that describe the perceived brightness due to diffuse reflection include: * Lambert * Oren–Nayar (Rough opaque diffuse surfaces) * Minnaert


Specular reflection

Light that is reflected on a relatively smooth surface gives rise to a
specular reflection Specular reflection, or regular reflection, is the mirror-like reflection (physics), reflection of waves, such as light, from a surface. The law of reflection states that a reflected ray (optics), ray of light emerges from the reflecting surf ...
. This kind of reflection is especially strong for metal surfaces. Models that describe the perceived brightness due to specular reflection include: * Phong * Blinn–Phong * Cook–Torrance (microfacets) * Ward anisotropic


Subsurface scattering

Subsurface scattering is an indirect form of reflection where some of the light is transmitted into a semi-transparent material, scattered under the surface and bounced back out again. The light that is not absorbed by the material and bounced out through the surface again gives rise to a diffuse indirect reflection, which will illuminate the surface not only where it is lit, but also in the vicinity of where the light hits, as well as on the other side of thin parts of an object. Most non-metals can transmit light to a certain degree and are therefore affected by this effect. Subsurface scattering models include: * Hanrahan–Krueger model of subsurface scattering


Non-photorealistic

Non-photorealistic illumination models don't attempt to model the perceived brightness of a surface in a realistic way, but focuses expressing certain styles. They are used for example in cartoons,
video games A video game or computer game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, game controller, controller, computer keyboard, keyboard, or motion sensing device) to generate visual fe ...
,
movies A film, also known as a movie or motion picture, is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, emotions, or atmosphere through the use of moving images that are generally, since ...
or
technical illustration Technical illustration is illustration meant to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be components of technical drawings or diagrams. Technical illustrations in general aim "to generate expressive ...
s, and include: * Cel shading * Gooch shading


See also

*
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), symbol f_(\omega_,\, \omega_), is a function of four real variables that defines how light from a source is reflected off an Opacity (optics), opaque surface. It is employed in the optic ...
*
Physically based rendering Physically based rendering (PBR) is a computer graphics approach that seeks to render images in a way that models the lights and surfaces with optics in the real world. It is often referred to as "Physically Based Lighting" or "Physically Based ...
*
Unbiased rendering __NOTOC__ In computer graphics, unbiased rendering or photorealistic rendering are rendering techniques that avoid systematic errors, or statistical bias, in computing an image’s radiance. Bias in this context means inaccuracies like dimmer l ...
*
Gamma correction Gamma correction or gamma is a Nonlinearity, nonlinear operation used to encode and decode Relative luminance, luminance or CIE 1931 color space#Tristimulus values, tristimulus values in video or still image systems. Gamma correction is, in the s ...
Shading